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KN4LF DAILY LF/MF/HF/6M FREQUENCY RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION FORECAST #2008-16
Date Format is MM/DD/YYYY.
Published Friday 04/18/2008 at 1530 UTC Valid Saturday-Friday 04/19-25/2008
CONTEST INFORMATION-
9 contests are scheduled for the weekend of Saturday-Sunday 04/19-20/2008.
The most popular ones are the TARA Skirmish Digital Prefix Contest, the Feld Hell Sprint and the EA-QRP CW Contest.
For more information on contests worldwide check out the WA7BNM website at http://www.hornucopia.com/contestcal/weeklycont.php .
GLOBAL LF 30-300 KC PROPAGATION CONDITIONS EXPECTED WITH EMPHASIS ON LF AM BROADCAST BAND-
There exists a long distance “daytime” propagation medium between approximately 30-100 kc. The transmitted signal wave guides between the D layer and the surface of the Earth.
Some day time sky wave propagation does occur between approximately 100-300 kc via the E layer, especially at higher latitudes in the winter time and at the bottom of a solar cycle.
Reception is tied to the density of the D layer, as well as the E layer at radio Aurora altitude. Geomagnetic storming will suppress night time reception of signals but enhance day time reception of signals. High power broadcasters are more readily heard than low power ham radio signals.
Northern Hemisphere Night Time- FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Southern Hemisphere Night Time- FAIR TO GOOD 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
None- S0
GLOBAL MF 300-3000 KC PROPAGATION CONDITIONS EXPECTED WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE MF AM BROADCAST BAND, 160 METERS AND 120 METERS-
-Expect FAIR TO POOR Northern Hemisphere
domestic propagation conditions on east-west paths out to approximately 1100
miles.
*Expect FAIR TO POOR Northern Hemisphere domestic conditions on north to south
paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
+Expect POOR TO FAIR Northern Hemisphere domestic conditions on south to north paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
-Expect FAIR TO POOR Southern Hemisphere domestic propagation conditions on east-west paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
+Expect POOR TO FAIR Southern Hemisphere domestic conditions on north to south paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
*Expect FAIR TO POOR Southern Hemisphere conditions on south to north paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
-Expect FAIR TO POOR Equatorial domestic propagation conditions on east-west paths out to approximately 1100 miles.
High latitude Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008 .
High latitude Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Mid latitude Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Mid latitude Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific and cross equatorial propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR TO GOOD 04/19-21/2008, FAIR TO POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Low latitude Northern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Low latitude Southern Hemisphere (TA) Trans Atlantic, (TI) Trans Indian, (TP) Trans Pacific propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR TO GOOD 04/19-21/2008, FAIR TO POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Equatorial region to Northern Hemisphere high latitude propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Equatorial region to Southern Hemisphere high latitude propagation conditions in excess of 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Equatorial region to Northern Hemisphere mid latitude propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Equatorial region to Southern Hemisphere mid latitude propagation conditions in excess of approximately 3200 miles will be FAIR TO GOOD 04/19-21/2008, FAIR TO POOR 04/22-25/2008.
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
None- S0
GLOBAL F/F2 LAYER HF 3000-30000 KC PROPAGATION CONDITIONS EXPECTED-
Lower frequency HF (80-30 meters) propagation conditions are impacted in a negative manner not by variations in the maximum usable frequency (MUF) along a particular propagation path and time but rather due to geomagnetic storms that increase signal absorption via the E layer (the altitude of the Radio Aurora). Also increases in the lowest usable frequency (LUF) via D layer signal absorption due to elevated background solar flux levels and proton flux levels at energies greater than 10 MeV (10+0).
Higher frequency (20-10 meters) propagation conditions are impacted in a negative manner by variations in the maximum usable frequency (MUF) along a particular propagation path and time due to the current sunspot number and also due to geomagnetic storms. D layer signal absorption due to elevated proton flux at energies greater than 10 MeV (10+0) and elevated background solar flux levels, is usually but not always inconsequential on 20-10 meters.
Low: 0-25 degrees
Mid: 25-60 degrees
High: 60-90 degrees
Low Latitude- FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008 on 80-30 meters ham/90-31 meters shortwave.
Mid Latitude- GOOD TO FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008 on 80-30 meters ham/90-31 meters shortwave.
High Latitude- FAIR 04/19-21/2008, POOR 04/22-25/2008 on 80-30 meters ham/90-31 meters shortwave.
Low Latitude- FAIR TO POOR on 20-17 meters ham/25-17 meters shortwave.
Mid Latitude- GOOD TO FAIR on 20-17 meters ham/25-17 meters shortwave.
High Latitude- FAIR TO POOR on 20-17 meters ham/25-17 meters shortwave.
Low Latitude- FAIR TO POOR on 15 meters ham/13 meters shortwave.
Mid Latitude- FAIR TO POOR on 15 meters ham/13 meters shortwave.
High Latitude- FAIR TO POOR on 15 meters ham/13 meters shortwave.
Low Latitude- POOR on 12-10 meters ham/11 meters shortwave.
Mid Latitude- POOR on 12-10 meters ham/11 meters shortwave.
High Latitude- POOR on 12-10 meters ham/11 meters shortwave.
Note!!! At times propagation conditions on 12-10 meters ham/11 meters shortwave will be FAIR to GOOD, via the less predictable Sporadic E (Es) and Trans Equatorial (TEP) propagation modes.
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
None- S0
GLOBAL HF 50-54 MC (6 METER) PROPAGATION MODES AND STRENGTHS EXPECTED-
F2- NO
Sporadic E- YES/GOOD
Auroral E- YES/GOOD
Tropospheric Ducting- YES/GOOD
Meteor Scatter- YES/GOOD
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
None-S0
For global real time information concerning 6 meter band openings check out the VHFDX website at:
http://www.vhfdx.net/spots/map.php?Frec=MUF
A good source of information concerning 6 meter band openings via tropospheric ducting in the U.S. is at:
http://www.dxinfocentre.com/tropo.html
GLOBAL NOISE (QRN) OUTLOOK-
U.S. near real time lightning strike data:
http://thunderstorm.vaisala.com/explorer.html
A global view of near real time lightning strike data:
http://webflash.ess.washington.edu
Northern hemisphere low latitude regions can
expect MODERATE TO HIGH thunderstorm lightning induced QRN tied to the Spring
season proximity of cold/warm/occluded fronts and associated extra-tropical cold
core low pressure systems, as well as the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ).
Northern Hemisphere mid latitude regions can expect MODERATE TO HIGH
thunderstorm lightning induced QRN tied to Spring season cold/warm/occluded
fronts and associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions can expect MODERATE thunderstorm
lightning induced QRN tied to Spring season cold/warm/occluded fronts and
associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
Southern Hemisphere low latitude regions can
expect HIGH TO MODERATE thunderstorm lightning induced QRN tied to the Fall
season proximity of cold/warm/occluded fronts and associated extra-tropical cold
core low pressure systems, Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and tropical
warm core low pressure systems.
Southern Hemisphere mid latitude regions can expect HIGH TO MODERATE
thunderstorm lightning induced QRN tied to Fall season cold/warm/occluded fronts
and associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems, as well as
tropical warm core low pressure systems.
Southern Hemisphere high latitude regions can expect MODERATE TO LOW thunderstorm lightning induced QRN tied to Fall season cold/warm/occluded fronts and associated extra-tropical cold core low pressure systems.
The lightning QRN will hamper receive conditions on 160/120, 80/75, 40/41 and 30/31 meters in the Northern Hemisphere.
The lightning QRN will hamper receive conditions on 160/120, 80/75 and 40/41 in the Southern Hemisphere.
END OF FORECAST
SOLAR, SPACE WEATHER AND GEOMAGNETIC CONDITIONS EXPECTED-
For 04/19-25/2008-
Recurrent northern hemisphere Coronal Hole #320 (old #317) will become geo-effective (Earth facing) and the associated high velocity solar wind stream emanating from it will be strong (>700 m/s) and the impact to propagation conditions moderate (Kp-6).
Recurrent transequatorial Coronal Hole #321 (old #318) will become geo-effective (Earth facing) and the associated high velocity solar wind stream emanating from it will be strong (>700 m/s) and the impact to propagation conditions minor (Kp-5).
Globally with the daily sunspot number at ~30 and vaguely related solar flux level at ~80, increased F layer MUFs will positively impact 10, 12, 15, 17 and 20 meters. Note this forecast is dependent upon recurrent sunspot group’s #10988 and #10989 surviving backside transit and rising around the east limb of the Sun between 04/18-21/2008.
There will be a few Sporadic E (Es) propagation openings on 6-160 meters.
In the Northern Hemisphere due to seasonal chemical changes in the F layer of the ionosphere and therefore lower MUFs, there will be little east-west F layer propagation on 10, 12 and 15, meters. However there will be intermittent east-west propagation openings on 17 meters.
In the Southern Hemisphere due to seasonal chemical changes in the F layer of the ionosphere and therefore higher MUFs, there will be east-west F layer propagation on 17, 15 and 12 meters. There will be intermittent east-west propagation openings on 10 meters.
Returning sunspot group #10989 may contain a twisted magnetic field capable of producing small sized C class and medium sized M class solar flares.
The following old sunspot groups may rotate around the east limb of the Sun during the forecast period if they survived the back side transit-
10988 Alpha 04/18-19/2008.
10989 Alpha 04/21/2008.
Trans Equatorial (TEP) HF propagation between North and South America will occur, as well between southern Africa to Europe/West Asia and also Australia to Eastern Asia/Oceania.
There will be moderate to high signal absorption on the MF AM broadcast band, 160 and 120 meters on high, mid and low latitude propagation paths in the Northern Hemisphere. The moderate to high absorption will degrade propagation conditions.
There will be moderate signal absorption on the MF AM broadcast band, 160 and 120 meters on high and low latitude propagation paths in the Southern Hemisphere. The moderate absorption will degrade propagation conditions.
There will be moderate to high signal absorption on the LF band on high, mid and low latitude paths in the Northern Hemisphere. The moderate to high absorption will degrade propagation conditions.
There will be moderate signal absorption on the LF band on high and low latitude propagation paths in the Southern Hemisphere. The moderate absorption will degrade propagation conditions.
The following planetary geomagnetic conditions will occur:
04/19-21/2008- Kp 3-1 isolated 4. 04/22-25/2008 Kp 5-3, isolated 6.
During the period quiet (Kp 0-2) geomagnetic conditions WILL OCCUR.
During the period unsettled (Kp- 3) geomagnetic conditions WILL OCCUR.
During the period active (Kp- 4) geomagnetic conditions WILL OCCUR.
During the period minor (Kp- 5) geomagnetic storming conditions WILL OCCUR.
During the period moderate (Kp- 6) geomagnetic storming conditions MAY OCCUR.
During the period strong (Kp- 7) geomagnetic storming conditions WILL NOT OCCUR.
During the period severe (Kp- 8) geomagnetic storming conditions WILL NOT OCCUR.
During the period extreme (Kp- 9) geomagnetic storming conditions WILL NOT OCCUR.
The chance of polar cap absorption on high latitude propagation paths due to excessive energetic protons >10 Mev (10+0) is LOW.
The chance of daylight side Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SID) radio blackouts from solar flares is MODERATE.
The chance of a geoeffective (Earth facing) Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is MODERATE.
The chance of a partially geoeffective (Earth facing) Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is MODERATE.
The chance of a geoeffective (Earth facing) Coronal Hole is HIGH.
Daily maximum/minimum solar flux index levels (SFI) should range between 81 and 69.
The probability of a small C class solar flare is HIGH.
The probability of a large M class solar flare is MODERATE.
The probability of a huge X class solar flare is LOW.
When the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) polarity is negative the probability of geomagnetic storming on Earth increases. The NOAA/SWPC Wang-Sheeley-Arge model forecasts the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) polarity to be POSITIVE on 04/19/2008 and NEGATIVE between 04/20-25/2008.
PAST SOLAR, SPACE WEATHER AND GEOMAGNETIC CONDITIONS-
For 04/12-18/2008-
Per forecast #2008-15 the period saw propagation conditions ranging from good to fair on LF, MF and HF frequencies.
Globally with the daily sunspot number as low as 00 and vaguely related solar flux level as low as 67, the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) did not rise high enough to give 6, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 20 meters a boost in propagation conditions via the F2 layer.
The following propagation modes and strengths were observed on 6 meters.
F2- NO
Sporadic E- YES/FAIR
Auroral E- NO
Tropospheric Ducting- YES/GOOD
Meteor Scatter- NO
Propagation Forecast Scales-
Excellent- +1 db Over S9 Or better
Good- S7-9
Fair- S4-6
Poor- S1-3
None-S0
There were some Sporadic E (Es) propagation openings on 6-160 meters.
In the Northern Hemisphere due to seasonal chemical changes in the F layer of the ionosphere and therefore lower MUFs, there was little significant east-west F layer propagation on 15, 12 and 10 meters. There were intermittent east-west propagation openings on 17 meters.
In the Southern Hemisphere due to seasonal chemical changes in the F layer of the ionosphere and therefore higher MUFs, there was significant east-west F layer propagation on 17 and 15 meters. There were intermittent east-west openings on 12 and 10 meters.
There were 2 days with visible sunspot groups and 5 days without visible sunspot groups on the Earth facing side of the Sun. Sunspot groups had been visible on the far side of the Sun via the SOHO GONG holographic image.
No sunspot groups had a twisted magnetic field capable of producing small sized C class, medium sized M class and large sized X class solar flares.
On Sunday 04/13/2008 a Plage (S722) located at
N27E30 developed into the second sunspot group (#10990) of solar cycle 24.
Unfortunately by late Tuesday 04/15/2008 the new sunspot degenerated back into a
spotless Plage This new sunspot group is a continued step in the right direction
for emerging solar cycle 24.
No significant Coronal Holes became geo-effective (Earth facing) during the
forecast period. However un-numbered south polar Coronal Hole did develop a
northward extension (rare occurrence) that created unexpected active geomagnetic
conditions (Kp-4) on Wednesday 04/16/2008.
Trans Equatorial (TEP) HF propagation between North and South America occurred, as well as between southern Africa to Europe/West Asia and also Australia to Eastern Asia/Oceania.
There was minor signal absorption on the MF AM broadcast band, 160 and 120 meters on high and low latitude propagation paths in the Northern Hemisphere. The minor absorption degraded propagation conditions.
There was nil signal absorption on the MF AM broadcast band, 160 and 120 meters on high, medium and low latitude propagation paths in the Southern Hemisphere. The nil absorption allowed propagation conditions to improve to the best in a good while.
There was minor signal absorption on the LF band on high and low latitude paths in the Northern Hemisphere. The minor absorption degraded propagation conditions.
There was nil signal absorption on the LF band on high, medium and low latitude propagation paths in the Southern Hemisphere. The nil absorption allowed propagation conditions to improve to the best in a good while.
High lightning QRN (static) hampered receive conditions on 160/120, 80/75, 40/41, 30/31 and 20/22 meters in the Northern Hemisphere.
High lightning QRN (static) hampered receive conditions on 160/120, 80/75 and 40/41 in the Southern Hemisphere.
Max/Min Solar Flux Readings- 70.2 to 67.8.
Max/Min Background Solar Flux Readings- A0.0 to A0.0.
Max/Min SWPC Sunspot Number- 12 to 00.
Max/Min Solar Wind Speed- 574 to 332.
Max/Min DST via Kyoto- -33 to +10.
Max/Min DST via G3YNK- -38 to -6.
Solar Flares- C-0 M-0 X-0
Elevated Energetic Protons >10 MeV (10+0)- None.
Geoeffective (Earth Facing) Coronal Mass Ejections- None.
Partially geoeffective (Earth Facing) Coronal Mass Ejections- None
Polar cap absorption on high latitude propagation paths due to excessive energetic protons >10 Mev (10+0)- None.
The Ap index had been at quiet to active geomagnetic levels, with a range of 00-22.
The Kp index had been at quiet to active geomagnetic levels, with a range of 0 to 4.
The Boulder CO mid latitude K index had been at quiet to active geomagnetic levels, with a range of 0 to 4.
The Fredericksburg, MD mid latitude K index had been at quiet to unsettled geomagnetic levels, with a range of 0 to 3.
The College, AK high latitude K index had been at quiet geomagnetic levels to minor geomagnetic storming levels, with a range of 0 to 5.
The Troms, Norway high latitude K index had been at quiet geomagnetic levels to minor geomagnetic storming levels, with a range of 0 to 5.
The Australia Region K index had been at quiet to active geomagnetic levels, with a range of 0 to 4.
PROPAGATION LESSON-
From http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf8.htm
7.)
Correlation Of Energetic Protons, Solar Flux and Ap & Kp Indices With Medium
Frequencies-
I've been observing energetic proton levels, as well as the Ap & Kp indices for
31 years and see a direct correlation between high energetic proton levels above
10 MeV (10+0) and poor propagation on high and at times mid latitude medium
frequency paths at day AND night, where as the A & K indices don't as readily
correlate. (See paragraph three of definition #2. Aurora Oval Blockage,
Absorption And Refraction) and (definition #7. High Latitude Path Skewing) for a
further explanation on the lack of correlation of Ap & Kp indices with medium
frequency propagation conditions.
High solar flux values are "incorrectly" considered to be detrimental to medium
frequency signals both domestic and TA/TP, as more absorption can be present as
the transmitted signal makes two trips through the D layer, near sunrise and
sunset. However most medium wave frequency RF signals in excess of 3100 miles
are propagated via the E valley/F layer ducting and/or Chordal Hop/Pederson Ray
propagation mechanism and a high solar flux value ensures a strong E valley/F
layer duct mechanism. Actually a solar flux of at least 150 is needed for the E
valley/F layer ducting mode.
The main reason that medium frequency radio propagation "seems to be better" at
the bottom of a sunspot cycle is not so much due to lower solar flux levels BUT
due to much less geomagnetic activity.
Keep in mind though that the 10.7 cm (2800 mhz) solar flux index is not a
"reliable" gauge of ionization in our atmosphere, as the energy of photons at
this frequency is to low on the order of one million times. However most are
used to solar flux and sunspot number and it's a hard habit to break. A better
indicator is the inter-related background X-ray flux. (See definition #1
paragraphs e & f).
An elevated energetic proton flux level greater then (10+0) creates noticeably
increased winter time day and year round night time D layer absorption of medium
wave frequencies, especially on high latitude propagation paths but it can also
negatively impact mid latitudes, depending on the intensity of the event.
Elevated energetic proton events too small to be categorized as a Polar Cap
Absorption event (PCA) can still impact high and at times mid latitude medium
frequency propagation paths in the form of excessive D layer absorption.
((((Note, high latitude medium frequency radio propagation paths can still be
disturbed for days and up to weeks, following the end of an official >10 MeV
(10+0) proton event.))))
SPACE WEATHER SCALES-
Kp Indices-
G5 = Extreme Storm - Kp = 9
G4 = Severe Storm - Kp = 8
G3 = Strong Storm - Kp = 7
G2 = Moderate Storm - Kp = 6
G1 = Minor Storm - Kp = 5
Active - Kp = 4
Unsettled - Kp = 3
Ap Indices--
Ap 100-400 Severe Storm
Ap 50-99 Major Storm
Ap 30-49 Minor Storm
Ap 16-29 Active
Ap 8-15 Unsettled
Ap 0-7 Quiet
Correlation Of Kp To Ap Indices-
K- 0= A- 0
K- 1= A- 3
K- 2= A- 7
K- 3= A- 15
K- 4= A- 27
K- 5= A- 48
K- 6= A- 80
K- 7= A- 140
K- 8= A- 240
K- 9= A- 400
GENERAL
GUIDELINES CONCERNING CORRELATION OF PROPAGATION INDICES TO ACTUAL MF/HF
PROPAGATION CONDITIONS-
NOTE!!! The propagation indices "interpretations" are my personal intellectual
property. Therefore the propagation indices interpretations contained herein is
copyrighted © 1988-2008 by Thomas F. Giella, KN4LF, all rights reserved.
Reproduction of information herein is allowed without permission in advance as
long as proper credit is given.
1.) Dropping indices numbers are better.
2.) A solar flux of 150 or higher, 200+ best, for medium frequencies under 100, under 70 best.
Keep in mind though that the 10.7 cm (2800 mhz) solar flux index is not a "reliable" gauge of ionization in our atmosphere for F layer medium frequency refractions, as the energy of photons at this frequency is to low on the order of one million times. However most are used to solar flux and sunspot number and it's a hard habit to break. A better indicator is the background X-Ray Flux. See #7 below.
3.) Solar flux of at least 150 for E
Valley/F Layer ducting mechanism.
4.) Previous 24 hour Ap index under 10, under 7 for several days consecutively
is best.
5.) Previous 3 hour Kp index under 3 for mid latitude paths, under 2 for high
latitude paths, 0-1 for several days consecutively is best.
6.) Energetic protons no greater then 10 MeV (10+0).
7.) Background X-Ray flux levels less than A1 for several days consecutively.
8.) No current STRATWARM alert.
9.) Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz with a (positive number) sign,
indicates a lesser chance of high latitude path Auroral absorption/unpredictable
refraction or scattering of medium frequency RF signals, when the Kp is above 3.
10.) A -20 or better towards a positive number Dst index during the recovery
time after a Geomagnetic Storm, as related to the Equatorial Ring Current. A
positive number is best.
11.) Rising Positive T Index number. The T Index tracks with the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and sunspot number (SSN) and indicates the capability of the F2 layer to refract RF signals.
Standard Disclaimer-
Note! I use error prone RAW public domain data from the NOAA Space Environment Center, as well as other U.S. government organizations, to produce my propagation forecasts. This data is gathered and made public by the U.S. Government using taxpayer $$$. However the forecast that I produce from the RAW public domain data is my personal intellectual property. Therefore the propagation outlooks contained herein is copyrighted © 1988-2008 by Thomas F. Giella, KN4LF. Reproduction of and distribution of information herein is allowed without advanced permission as long as proper credit is given.
Also space weather forecasting is still an inexact science. The forecasts are not official but for hobby related purposes only and are subject to human error and acts of God, therefore no guarantee or warranty implied.
73,
Thomas F. Giella, KN4LF
Lakeland, FL, USA
kn4lf@arrl.net
KN4LF Daily Solar Space Weather & Geomagnetic Data Archive: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf5.htm
KN4LF Daily LF/MF/HF/6M Frequency Radiowave Propagation Forecast & Archive: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf6.htm
KN4LF 160 Meter Radio Propagation Theory Notes: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf8.htm
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